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Public Sub SelectMapFeatures()
  Dim pMxDoc As IMxDocument
  Dim pMap As IMap
  Dim pActiveView As IActiveView
  Dim pFeatureLayer As IFeatureLayer
  Dim pFeatureSelection As IFeatureSelection
  Dim pQueryFilter As IQueryFilter
  
  Set pMxDoc = Application.Document
  Set pMap = pMxDoc.FocusMap
  Set pActiveView = pMap
  
  'For simplicity sake let's use the first layer in the map
  'If Not TypeOf pMap.Layer(0) Is IFeatureLayer Then Exit Sub
  Set pFeatureLayer = pMap.Layer(0)
  Set pFeatureSelection = pFeatureLayer 'QI
  
  'Create the query filter
  Set pQueryFilter = New QueryFilter
  pQueryFilter.WhereClause = "NAME = 'Nova Scotia'"
  
  'Invalidate only the selection cache
  'Flag the original selection
  pActiveView.PartialRefresh esriViewGeoSelection, Nothing, Nothing
  'Perform the selection
  pFeatureSelection.SelectFeatures pQueryFilter, esriSelectionResultNew, False
  'Flag the new selection
  pActiveView.PartialRefresh esriViewGeoSelection, Nothing, Nothing
  
End Sub

Dim pLayer as ILayer
Dim pIMSLayer as IIMSMapLayer
set pLayer = pMap.Layer(0)

If TypeOf pLayer is IIMSMapLayer then
    Set pIMSLayer = pLayer
End If

Option Explicit
Sub Test()
    Dim pMxDoc As IMxDocument
    Set pMxDoc = ThisDocument
    If TypeOf pMxDoc.SelectedItem Is IFeatureLayer Then
        Dim pFLayer As IFeatureLayer
        Set pFLayer = pMxDoc.SelectedItem
        If TypeOf pFLayer.FeatureClass Is IIMSFeatureClass Then
            Dim pIMSFC As IIMSFeatureClass
            Set pIMSFC = pFLayer.FeatureClass
            Debug.Print pIMSFC.Axl
        End If
        Dim pQF As IQueryFilter
        Set pQF = New QueryFilter
        pQF.WhereClause = "TGR.TGR_HIGHWAYS.TLID = 101501692"
        
        Dim pFSel As IFeatureSelection
        Set pFSel = pFLayer
        Dim pMouseCursor As IMouseCursor
        Set pMouseCursor = New MouseCursor
        pMouseCursor.SetCursor 2
        Application.StatusBar.Message(0) = "selecting ..."
        pFSel.SelectFeatures pQF, esriSelectionResultNew, False
        DrawSelect pMxDoc.FocusMap
        Application.StatusBar.Message(0) = ""
    End If
End Sub

Sub DrawSelect(pAV As IActiveView)
    Dim lCacheID As Long
    lCacheID = pAV.ScreenCacheID(esriViewGeoSelection, Nothing)
    pAV.ScreenDisplay.Invalidate Nothing, True, lCacheID
End Sub

Dim pMxDoc As IMxDocument
  Dim pMap As IMap
  Dim pActiveView As IActiveView
  Dim pContentsView As IContentsView
  Dim pFeatureLayer As IFeatureLayer
  Dim pFeatureSelection As IFeatureSelection
  Dim pQueryFilter As IQueryFilter

  Dim pCompLayer As ICompositeLayer
  Dim pTheSubLayer As IIMSSubLayer

  Set pMxDoc = Application.Document
  Set pMap = pMxDoc.FocusMap
  Set pActiveView = pMap
 
  Set pCompLayer = pMap.Layer(0)
  
  Set pTheSubLayer = pCompLayer.Layer(9)' Manually select the appropriate sublayer
  Set pFeatureLayer = pTheSubLayer
  Set pFeatureSelection = pFeatureLayer 'QI
 
  'Create the query filter
  Set pQueryFilter = New QueryFilter
  pQueryFilter.WhereClause = "THEATTRIBUTE = 'THEVALUE'"
  'Invalidate only the selection cache
  'Flag the original selection
  pActiveView.PartialRefresh esriViewGeoSelection, Nothing, Nothing
  'Perform the selection
  pFeatureSelection.SelectFeatures pQueryFilter, esriSelectionResultNew, False
  'Flag the new selection
  pActiveView.PartialRefresh esriViewGeoSelection, Nothing, Nothing